Scripting OS X

A few years ago, I published a post that described how to build a Mac application in Swift that would run a shell command. Surprisingly, this post still gets a lot of traffic. Xcode and Swift have progressed over the last three years and that old example is mostly useless now. It is time for an update!

In this post, I will describe how to build a simple Mac app which runs a shell command using SwiftUI.

SwiftUI is the new framework from Apple to build user interfaces across platforms. Applications built with Swift UI will require 10.15 Catalina and higher. As you will see, SwiftUI does simplify a lot of the work of creating the user interface. I believe that learning SwiftUI now will be a good investment into the future.

I have written this post with Xcode 11.2.1 on macOS Catalina 10.15.1. That means we are using Swift 5.1. You can download Xcode from the Mac App Store or Apple’s developer page.

In this post, we will be using the say command to make the Mac speak. You can test the command by opening the Terminal and entering

> say "Hello World"

The say command is a simple and fun stand in for other command line tools. It also provides instant feedback, so you know whether it is working or not. That said, when you want to provide text-to-speech functionality in a Swift app, you should probably use the text-to-speech frameworks, rather than sending out a shell command.

Nevertheless, for Mac Admin tasks, there are some that are only possible, or at least much easier, with shell tools.

First: Swift UI hello world

Before we get to more complicated things, let’s honor the classics and build a “Hello, World” application using Swift UI.

Open Xcode and from the project picker select “New Project.”

In the template chooser select ‘macOS’ and ‘Application’. Then click ‘Next.’

In the next pane, enter a name for the project: “SayThis.” Verify the other data and make sure the choice for ‘User Interface’ is ‘SwiftUI’. Then click ‘Next.’

The window with the new project will have four vertical panes. You can use the controller element in the top right of the toolbar to hide the right most “Inspector” pane as we will not need it.

Click it the “Play” button in the top left to build and run the template code, a window should open which show the place holder text “Hello World!”

When you return to Xcode the preview pane on the right should now be active and also display the “Hello World!” text. If it does not there should be a “Resume” button at the top of the preview pane (also called “Canvas”) which you can click to make Xcode resume live updating the preview. There are many situations that will stop Xcode from continuously updating the preview and you can click this button to resume.

The left column shows a list of files in this project. Select the ContentView.swift file. This file contains the Swift UI code that sets up the interface. You will see the code in the center pane. The relevant part of the code is:

struct ContentView: View {
    var body: some View {
        Text("Hello, World!")
            .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)
    }
}

The ContentView contains a body which contains a Text element with the text Hello World!. at the end of the Text object, you a ‘modifier’ that sets the frame of the Text object to use all available space.

Hello, me!

In the code pane, change World to something else:

Text("Hello, Armin!")

You will see that the text in the preview pane updates as you change the code.

Note: there are several reasons Xcode might stop updating and when it does, you will have to hit the ‘Resume’ button above the preview pane.

The preview pane or canvas allows you to edit as well. When you (command) ⌘-click on the “Hello, …” text in the canvas, you will get an “Action menu.”

The first item in the action menu: “Show SwiftUI Inspector” will an inspector with the attributes or “modifiers” of the text object. Note that, even though there is no visual indication, the inspector view can be scrolled to reveal more options.

Change the font of the text to Body. The preview in the canvas will update, as well as the code. The code will now look like:

Text("Hello, Armin!")
    .font(.body)
    .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)

I have broken the modifiers into their own lines for clarity.

Stacking it up… or down… or sideways…

The SwiftUI body can only contain one object. But there are SwiftUI objects that you can use to group multiple objects together. Command-Click on the text and choose “Embed in VStack” from the action menu.

The code will change to:

 VStack {
    Text("Hello, Armin!")
        .font(.body)
        .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)
}

The VStack stands for ‘vertical stack.’ The VStack and its sibling the HStack (horizontal) can contain multiple objects. So, you can add another Text over our “Hello” text:

VStack {
    Text("SayThis")
        .font(.largeTitle)
    Text("Hello, Armin!")
        .font(.body)
}.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)

This adds the "SayThis" text above the "Hello, ..." text in a larger font. I have also moved the .frame(...) modifier to the VStack because that leads to a nicer output. Feel free to apply the .frame modifer to different objects to see how that affects the layout.

The text is a little bit close together, so we can add some .padding() modifiers:

VStack {
    Text("SayThis")
        .font(.largeTitle)
        .padding()
    Text("Hello, Armin!")
        .font(.body)
        .padding()
}.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)

You can choose to change the properties using the inspector UI or in the code. Either way the changes should be reflected in the canvas and the code.

Adding some interaction…

Now we want to add some interaction. Eventually, we want the user to be able to enter some text, which will be sent to the say command. Before we get, we will add a field, to enter some text.

To add a TextField where the user can enter text to the layout, click on the + icon in the top right of the tool bar. A window will appear with SwiftUI objects. Enter TextField in the search area to find the TextField object and drag it between the two text items.

You will want to add a .padding() modifier to the text field as well.

We also need a local variable in our ContentView to store the value of the TextField. Add this variable declaration under the struct ContentView definition and before the body declaration:

@State var message = "Hello, World!"


This adds and initializes a variable named message. The @State marker tells SwiftUI this ‘State’ variable will be used with the view. The variable is part of the ‘state’ of the view. Changes to the variable will immediately update the UI and vice versa.

Use the message variable for the TextField and Text objects:

@State var message = "Hello, World!"

var body: some View {
    VStack {
        Text("SayThis")
            .font(.largeTitle)
            .padding()
        TextField("Message", text: $message)
            .padding()
        Text(message)
            .font(.body)
            .padding()
    }.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)
}

When you look at this interface in the preview pane, you will see that the contents of the message variable are reflected in the TextField and Text. To test the interactivity, you need to either ‘build and run’ the application or hit the ‘Play’ button in the preview. Then you can change the text in the text field and immediately see the changes displayed in the Text below.

Declaring the message variable as a @State will automatically set up all the notifications for these seamless updates.

Buttons and Actions

While updating another object is quite cool, it is not what we set out to do. Let’s get back on track.

• Remove the last Text(message) and all its modifiers.
• Command-click on the TextField and use the action menu to embed it in an HStack (horizontal stack)
• Drag a Button from the object Library (you can open this with the ‘+’ button in the top right of the window) next to the text field

The code you generated should look like this:

HStack {
    TextField("Message", text: $message)
        .padding()
    Button(action: {}) {
        Text("Button")
    }
}

You can change the label of the button by changing the Text object inside of it. Change "Button" to "Say". You also want to add a .padding() modifier to the button.

The preview should now look like this:

The action of the Button is a code block that will be run when the button is clicked. Add the code between the action closure brackets:

Button(action: {
    let executableURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: "/usr/bin/say")
    try! Process.run(executableURL,
                     arguments: [self.message],
                     terminationHandler: nil)
}) {
    Text("Say")
}.padding(.trailing)

This uses the run() convenience method of the Process class. You need to provide the full path to the command line tool. You can determine the full path in Terminal with the which command:

> which say
/usr/bin/say

The arguments to the say command need to be provided as an Array of Strings. The process is launched asynchronously, so the main thread continues immediately. We can also provide a code block that will be executed when the Process terminates. For now, we have no code that needs to be run on termination, so we set the terminationHandler to nil.

Note: using the try! statement to crash when this method throws an exception is lazy. I use it here to simplify the code drastically. Process.run() will throw an error when the file at exectableURL does not exist or is not executable. We can be fairly certain the /usr/bin/say executable exists, so the try! statement is justifiable. You should probably add proper error prevention and handling in production code.

Updating the Interface

The say command is executed asynchronously. This means that it will be running in the background and our user interface remains responsive. However, you may want to provide some feedback to the user while the process is running. One way of doing that, is to disable the ‘Say’ button while the process is running. Then you can re-enable it when the process is done.

Add a second @State variable to track whether our process is running:

@State var isRunning = false

Add a .disabled(isRunning) modifier to the Button. This will disable the button when the value of the isRunning variable changes to true.

Then we add a line in the Button action code to set that variable to true. We also add a code block to the terminationHandler which sets its value back to false:

 Button(action: {
    let executableURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: "/usr/bin/say")
    self.isRunning = true
    try! Process.run(executableURL,
                     arguments: [self.message],
                     terminationHandler: { _ in self.isRunning = false })
}) {
    Text("Say")
}.disabled(isRunning)
    .padding(.trailing)

Now, when you press the button, it will disable until the say process is done speaking.

Sample Code

For your convenience, here is the finished code for the ContentView.swift class:

//
//  ContentView.swift
//  SayThis
//

import SwiftUI

struct ContentView: View {
    @State var message = "Hello, World!"
    @State var isRunning = false
    
    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            Text("SayThis")
                .font(.largeTitle)
                .padding()
            HStack {
                TextField("Message", text: $message)
                    .padding(.leading)
                Button(action: {
                    let executableURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: "/usr/bin/say")
                    self.isRunning = true
                    try! Process.run(executableURL,
                                     arguments: [self.message],
                                     terminationHandler: { _ in self.isRunning = false })
                }) {
                    Text("Say")
                }.disabled(isRunning)
                    .padding(.trailing)
            }
        }.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)
    }
}


struct ContentView_Previews: PreviewProvider {
    static var previews: some View {
        ContentView()
    }
}

More Tutorials

If you want to learn more about SwiftUI and how it works, Apple has some excellent Tutorials on their developer page:

• Apple Developer: SwiftUI Tutorials

Update 2023-08-16: nearly five years later, I wrote a second part to this tutorial.